

****  Appendix 



*** Baseline regressions (table 1, column (1)), Reduced form and IV regressions (table 2) and Mediator analysis (table 3) Province level

clear all 

**** use "path ... domenechsanchezcuenca_province.dta"

use "/... domenechsanchezcuenca_BJPS/domenechsanchezcuenca_province_reg.dta"


* LEFTvoto: is the share of votes going to Leftist parties (PSOE, PCE, IU)

* lanineq_1860: our measure of past agrarian inequality, proportion of landless rural labourers in the gainfully occupied in agriculture

* analfa1860: percentage illiterate, 1860 Population Census

* tasa_analfabetismo_1920: percentage illiterate, 1920 Population Census

*areamunic1860: average area of municipalities in the province in 1860

* histregion: dummy variable taking value 1 if province belongs to Catalonia, Basque Country or Galicia.

* i.year: dummy variable for each election (base category is the 1977 election)

* altitud: altitude of the capital city of the province

* _CX, _CY: coordinates of the centroid of the province, longitude and latitude

* provid: identifier for each province 

* Popular Front: % share vote going to Popular Front in the 1936 general election

* structural_change_1930_1970: % change in agrarian population from 1930 to 1970. 


replace leftrepression=0 if leftrepression==.

gen asin_leftrepression=asinh(leftrepression)

gen asin_rightrepression=asinh(rightrepression)


gen PopularFront_Right=PopularFront*asin_rightrepression

gen PopularFront_Left=PopularFront*asin_leftrepression



xtset provid year




**** Table B1 Baseline regressions per year 

***** table B1, column (1)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==1977, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==1979, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860  histregion altitud   _CX _CY if year==1982, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==1986, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==1989, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==1993, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==1996, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==2000, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==2004, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==2008, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==2011, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==2015, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==2016, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==2019, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==2020, vce(cluster provid)


**** table B1, column (2)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==1977, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==1979, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920 histregion altitud   _CX _CY if year==1982, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==1986, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==1989, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==1993, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==1996, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==2000, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==2004, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==2008, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==2011, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920 histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==2015, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==2016, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==2019, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==2020, vce(cluster provid)


**** table B1, column (3), excluding Basque provinces
***** generate dummy for Basque provinces
gen euzk=0

replace euzk=1 if provid==2

replace euzk=1 if provid==23

replace euzk=1 if provid==48

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion altitud  _CX _CY if year==1977 & euzk==0, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920 histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==1979 & euzk==0, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920 histregion altitud   _CX _CY if year==1982 & euzk==0, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==1986 & euzk==0, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==1989 & euzk==0, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==1993 & euzk==0, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==1996 & euzk==0, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==2000 & euzk==0, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==2004 & euzk==0, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==2008 & euzk==0, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==2011 & euzk==0, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920 histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==2015 & euzk==0, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==2016 & euzk==0, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==2019 & euzk==0, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion  altitud  _CX _CY if year==2020 & euzk==0, vce(cluster provid)





**** Table C1 Baseline regressions with 1920 agrarian inequality

*******Columns (1) and (2)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion altitud  _CX _CY i.year, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  histregion altitud  _CX _CY i.year if  euzk==0, vce(cluster provid)

****** Columns (3) and (4)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg tasa_analfabetismo_1920 histregion i.year altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1920 =reconquest), first vce(cluster provid)


ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg tasa_analfabetismo_1920 histregion i.year altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1920 =reconquest) if  euzk==0, first vce(robust)


**** Table D1 IV regressions each year
**** column (1)
ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg analfa1860 histregion altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1860 =reconquest) if year==1977, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg analfa1860 histregion  altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1860 =reconquest) if year==1979, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg analfa1860 histregion  altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1860 =reconquest) if year==1982, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg analfa1860 histregion  altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1860 =reconquest) if year==1986, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg analfa1860 histregion altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1860 =reconquest) if year==1989, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg analfa1860 histregion  altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1860 =reconquest) if year==1993, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg analfa1860 histregion altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1860 =reconquest) if year==1996, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg analfa1860 histregion  altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1860 =reconquest) if year==2000, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg analfa1860 histregion  altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1860 =reconquest) if year==2004, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg analfa1860 histregion  altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1860 =reconquest) if year==2008, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg analfa1860 histregion  altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1860 =reconquest) if year==2011, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg analfa1860 histregion  altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1860 =reconquest) if year==2015, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg analfa1860 histregion altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1860 =reconquest) if year==2016, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg analfa1860 histregion  altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1860 =reconquest) if year==2019, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg analfa1860 histregion  altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1860 =reconquest) if year==2020, vce(cluster provid)

**** column (2)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg tasa_analfabetismo_1920 histregion  altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1920 =reconquest) if year==1977, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg tasa_analfabetismo_1920 histregion  altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1920 =reconquest) if year==1979, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg tasa_analfabetismo_1920 histregion  altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1920 =reconquest) if year==1982, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg tasa_analfabetismo_1920 histregion  altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1920 =reconquest) if year==1986, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg tasa_analfabetismo_1920 histregion  altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1920 =reconquest) if year==1989, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg tasa_analfabetismo_1920 histregion  altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1920 =reconquest) if year==1993, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg tasa_analfabetismo_1920 histregion altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1920 =reconquest)  if year==1996, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg tasa_analfabetismo_1920 histregion altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1920 =reconquest)  if year==2000, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg tasa_analfabetismo_1920 histregion altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1920 =reconquest)  if year==2004, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg tasa_analfabetismo_1920 histregion altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1920 =reconquest)  if year==2008, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg tasa_analfabetismo_1920 histregion altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1920 =reconquest) if year==2011, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg tasa_analfabetismo_1920 histregion altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1920 =reconquest) if year==2015, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg tasa_analfabetismo_1920 histregion altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1920 =reconquest) if year==2016, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg tasa_analfabetismo_1920 histregion altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1920 =reconquest) if year==2019, vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg tasa_analfabetismo_1920 histregion altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1920 =reconquest) if year==2020, vce(cluster provid)




**** Table E1 Other instrumental variables

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg analfa1860 histregion i.year altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1860 =areamunic1860), first vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg analfa1860 histregion i.year altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1860 =areamunic1860), first vce(robust)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg tasa_analfabetismo_1920 histregion i.year altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1920 =areamunic1860), first vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg tasa_analfabetismo_1920 histregion i.year altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1920 =areamunic1860), first vce(robust)


**** Table E2 using both instrumental variables 

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg analfa1860 histregion i.year altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1860 = reconquest areamunic1860), first vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg analfa1860 histregion i.year altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1860 = reconquest areamunic1860), first vce(robust)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg tasa_analfabetismo_1920 histregion i.year altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1920 = reconquest areamunic1860), first vce(cluster provid)

ivregress 2sls LEFTvotosinreg tasa_analfabetismo_1920 histregion i.year altitud _CX _CY (lanineq_1920 = reconquest areamunic1860), first vce(robust)


**** Table F1 Mediator Analysis Provincial level with 1920 inequality



reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920 PopularFront asin_rightrepression histregion i.year  altitud _CX _CY, vce(cluster provid)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920 Unemp Industry Education histregion i.year  altitud _CX _CY, vce(cluster provid)



**** Column (2) table F1. Channel Poverty, demeaning POPULAR FRONT and Rightist repression during Civil War

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  PopularFront asin_rightrepression structural_change_1930_1970   histregion i.year  altitud _CX _CY, vce(cluster provid)

 
gen coef1=_b[PopularFront] 

gen coef2=_b[asin_rightrepression]


       **** g-estimate 

gen LEFTvoto_tilde1=LEFTvotosinreg - (coef1*PopularFront)-(coef2*asin_rightrepression)


set seed 12345

bootstrap _b[lanineq_1920], size(550) reps(1000): reg LEFTvoto_tilde1 lanineq_1920  histregion i.year altitud _CX _CY



**** Column (4) table 3. Channel Popular Front, demeaning Unemployment, Industry 

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1920  Unemp Industry Education structural_change_1930_1970   histregion i.year  altitud _CX _CY, vce(cluster provid)

gen coef3=_b[Unemp] 

gen coef4=_b[Industry]

gen coef5=_b[Education]

       
	   
	   **** g-estimate

gen LEFTvoto_tilde2=LEFTvotosinreg - (coef3*Unemp) - (coef4*Industry) - (coef5*Education)



set seed 12345

bootstrap _b[lanineq_1920], size(550) reps(1000): reg LEFTvoto_tilde2 lanineq_1920  histregion i.year altitud _CX _CY	  


**** Table H1, Mediator analysis separating Popular Front and Civil War repression

**** column (1) 

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860  PopularFront asin_rightrepression histregion i.year  altitud _CX _CY, vce(cluster provid)


**** column (2)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860  PopularFront asin_rightrepression structural_change_1930_1970   histregion i.year  altitud _CX _CY, vce(cluster provid)

 
gen coef6=_b[PopularFront] 

gen coef7=_b[asin_rightrepression]


       **** g-estimate 

gen LEFTvoto_tilde3=LEFTvotosinreg - (coef6*PopularFront)-(coef7*asin_rightrepression)


set seed 12345

bootstrap _b[lanineq_1860], size(550) reps(1000): reg LEFTvoto_tilde3 lanineq_1860  histregion i.year altitud _CX _CY

*** Column (3), effect Popular Front, demeaning Rightist civil war repression and intermediate confounders

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860   asin_rightrepression Unemp Industry Education histregion i.year  altitud _CX _CY, vce(cluster provid)

*** Column (4), g- estimate, channel Popular Front

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860   asin_rightrepression Unemp Industry Education structural_change_1930_1970  histregion i.year  altitud _CX _CY, vce(cluster provid)

gen coef8=_b[asin_rightrepression]
gen coef9=_b[Unemp]
gen coef10=_b[Industry]
gen coef11=_b[Education]

gen LEFTvoto_tilde4=LEFTvotosinreg -(coef8*asin_rightrepression)-(coef9*Unemp) -(coef10*Industry) - (coef11*Education)

set seed 12345

bootstrap _b[lanineq_1860], size(550) reps(1000): reg LEFTvoto_tilde4 lanineq_1860  histregion i.year altitud _CX _CY


*** Column (5) effect Civil War repression

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860 PopularFront Unemp Industry Education histregion i.year  altitud _CX _CY, vce(cluster provid)

*** Column (6) g estimate, effect Civil War repression

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860  PopularFront Unemp Industry Education structural_change_1930_1970  histregion i.year  altitud _CX _CY, vce(cluster provid)

gen coef12=_b[PopularFront]
gen coef13=_b[Unemp]
gen coef14=_b[Industry]
gen coef15=_b[Education]

gen LEFTvoto_tilde5=LEFTvotosinreg -(coef12*PopularFront)-(coef13*Unemp) -(coef14*Industry) - (coef15*Education)

set seed 12345

bootstrap _b[lanineq_1860], size(550) reps(1000): reg LEFTvoto_tilde5 lanineq_1860  histregion i.year altitud _CX _CY




** table I1. Pre-treatment variable added

*** Column (1)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860   PopularFront asin_rightrepression reconquest histregion i.year  altitud _CX _CY, vce(cluster provid)


*** Column (2), g- estimate, channel Poverty

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860   PopularFront asin_rightrepression structural_change_1930_1970 reconquest histregion i.year  altitud _CX _CY, vce(cluster provid)


gen coef16=_b[PopularFront]
gen coef17=_b[asin_rightrepression]

gen LEFTvoto_tilde6=LEFTvotosinreg - (coef16*PopularFront) - (coef17*asin_rightrepression)

set seed 12345

bootstrap _b[lanineq_1860], size(550) reps(1000): reg LEFTvoto_tilde6 lanineq_1860  reconquest histregion i.year altitud _CX _CY


*** Column (3)
reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860   Unemp Industry Education reconquest  histregion i.year  altitud _CX _CY, vce(cluster provid)

*** Column (4)

reg LEFTvotosinreg lanineq_1860   Unemp Industry Education structural_change_1930_1970  reconquest histregion i.year  altitud _CX _CY, vce(cluster provid)


gen coef18=_b[Unemp]
gen coef19=_b[Industry]
gen coef20=_b[Education]

gen LEFTvoto_tilde7=LEFTvotosinreg-(coef18*Unemp) -(coef19*Industry) - (coef20*Education)

set seed 12345

bootstrap _b[lanineq_1860], size(550) reps(1000): reg LEFTvoto_tilde7 lanineq_1860  histregion reconquest i.year altitud _CX _CY

